28) History of Programming Languages
====================================

1) What is a programming language?
- A non-ambiguous notation to command computers.

2) Which one came first: programming languages or computers?
- Notations to write algorithms, e.g., indo-arabic numbers.
- Non-ambiguous notations, e.g.: Lambda calculus, Turing machines, arithmetics.
- Programmable machines, e.g., Jacquard Loom

3) What were the early programming languages?
- Plankalkul (40's) Konrad Zuse
- Autocode (50's) Alick Glennie

4) What were the problems that these languages were solving?
- Arithmetic expressions
- Named memory

5) What were the first programming languages still alive?
- Fortran: compilation
- COBOL: human-like syntax
- Lisp: dynamic memory allocation
- Algol: blocks (with lexical scope), type annotations, BNF.

6) When appeared the different programming paradigms?
- [50's] Fortran: imperative
- [50-60's] Lisp: declarative.
- [70's] Prolog: logic

7) What about operation-oriented vs object-oriented?
- [60's] Simula, [70's] Smalltalk

8) What were the conquests of the 70's?
- C: systems language.
- ML: semantics, parametric polymorphism, type inference.
- Highly declarative systems: Prolog, SQL
- Structured vs free-form programming

9) What was the debate around structured vs non-structured programming?
- goto
- while, repeat, if-then-else, switch, etc.

10) Do you know of other debates?
- static vs dynamic typing
- imperative vs declarative
- functional vs procedural vs object-oriented
- manual memory management vs garbage collection

11) What were the conquests of the 80's?
- Efficiency: compilers for Fortran, C
- Modular programming: C -> C++, Objective-C
- Graphics: MATLAB, LabVIEW
- Commercial and industrial use: Borland Turbo Pascal, Borland C++.
- Standardization: ANSI C89

12) How did the internet changed the design of programming languages?
- Portability -> virtual machines
- Java (applets), PHP, JavaScript

13) What were the conquests of the 90's?
- Virtual machines: Java (1995), PHP (1995), JavaScript (1995), Ruby (1995)
- Scripting: Lua, Python, JavaScript
- Rapid application development: small programs > large programs.
- IDEs: Delphi (1995), NetBeans (1997), Visual Studio (1997), Eclipse (2001)
- The transition from 2D to 3D in games: DirectX and OpenGL

14) What were the changes of the 2000's?
- The Microsoft tech-genocide!
- .NET Framework (C#, Visual Studio .NET)
- Agile development (2001): unit testing, refactoring
- LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP)
- The open source movement: ruby on rails and django

15) What about the 2010's?
- JavaScript conquers the web! ECMAScript 5 and ECMAScript 6, TypeScript
- Python3 (2008) and the Python explosion!
- The resurgence of functional programming: Scala, Groovy, Closure, F#
- The appearence of Web Assembly (C, C++ and Rust on the browser)
- Containerization and DevOps: docker containers, YAML
- The Mobile App Explosion: iOS, Android, App Store, Google Play
- Cross-Platform development: Xamarin, React Native, Flutter

16) What are the tendencies today?
- AI for coding!
- Lots of free-software programming languages!
- Imperative languages incorporating functional programming
- Parallelism & Concurrency: C for cuda, Elixir
- Data science: Python, R, Julia